Biography of Sultan Tughrul Beg
Introduction of Seljuks:- In the 10th century, nomadic people emerged from Central Asia and northeastern Russia. Among them was a tribe whose leader was named Seljuk. They became known as Seljuks after their leader. This tribe later adopted Sunni Islam. They played an essential role in defending the Samani Empire and Ghazni Empire.
Once they became independent from the Ghazni empire, they set their sights on expanding their empire. Chagrin Beg and Tughril Beg, the two grandsons of Seljuk, established fragmentary empires in Persian territory under their control. The Chagris occupied the Khorasan area, and the Tughrils occupied western Iran and Mesopotamia.
Birth of Tughrul Beg: Tughril Beg, full name: Sultan Ruknuddin Abu Talib Tughrul-Beg Muhammad ibn Mikail ibn Seljuq. Tughrul Alp, Tughril, Togril, Tughrul or Togril Beg. (Turkish: Tughrul). He was the Turkish founder of the Seljuk Empire and ruled the empire from 1037 to 1063. Tughril Beg was born in 990 to Mikail Beg ibn Seljuk, son of Seljuk.
Tughril was the son of Mikael Beg ibn Seljuq. His father, Mikail Beg Ibn Seljuk, died when he was still a boy. After his father’s death, Tughril and his brother Chagri were brought up by their grandfather, the Seljuk. Tughrul Beg’s wife was Altunjan Khatun, daughter of Yusuf Qadir-Khan. Sultan had no children.
History of being Sultan: The Seljuks first lived under the Kara-Khanid ruler Ali-Tegin; later, after his death, the Seljuks declared their allegiance to Harun, the ruler of Khwajaram. The Seljuks then went to where Tughrul Beg’s uncle Arsalan had gone and sought refuge with Mahmud’s son, Mas’ud (I).
But Mas’ud considered the nomadic Turks a dangerous threat and sent an army under the commander-in-chief Begtogdi. Tughrul Beg’s Seljuk forces soundly defeated the forces of Sultan Masud I, allowing the Seljuks to take control of Nasa, Farawa and Dihistan from Masud on the condition that the region be secured. From then on, the Seljuks gradually gathered power under Tughrul Beg.
In 1037, the Seljuks besieged the Ghaznavids Sarkh, Abivard and Maru. The Seljuks then gradually began to conquer the cities of Khorasan. Tughrul Beg captured Nishapur and declared himself independent from the Ghaznavid Empire.
Later, Tughrul Beg manifested himself as Sultan. The Seljuks, led by Tughril Beg, were instrumental in uniting the Muslim world under Sunni Islam by defeating the Buyids in Baghdad. After the conquest of Baghdad, Tughrul Beg sent a marriage proposal to the Caliph’s court to marry the daughter of the then Abbasid Caliph Qayyim of Baghdad. Caliph Qayyim agreed and conferred the title of Rukunuddin on Tughril Beg. Tughril Beg died just six months after the marriage. Since he had no son to inherit the empire, the responsibility fell on his nephew Alp Arsalan. Alp Arsalan was the son of Tughrul Beg’s brother Chagri Beg.
The personality of Tughrul Beg: Sultan Tughrul Beg was a personable, brilliant and brave warrior. He was a pious and religious person. Because of this, he got great support and help from his caste. He raised a mighty army called the “Suljuki Turks” and proceeded with the slogan “Strong State”. He expanded his caliphate’s (empire’s boundaries through skilful diplomacy and brought half of the world under his rule.
Sultan’s brother Chagri Beg: Chagri and his brother Tughrul were Mikail Beg’s sons and Seljuk Beg’s grandsons. This great Seljuk Empire was later named after him. He was the leader of a modern Turkic or Orguz tribe. In early life, Seljuks moved to Khorasan under Mikail Beg’s sons, Tughrul Beg and Chagrin Beg. He campaigned in the Battle of Dandanakan on 23 May 1040 AD. The Seljuks were victorious.
As a result, the victorious Seljuks became masters of Khorasan, and their power extended to Transoxia and Iran. In 1055 AD, Tughrul Beg extended his control to Baghdad and established himself as a protectorate of the Abbasid Caliphate. The Abbasid caliphs honoured him with the title of Sultan. Chagri Beg was his brother’s second-in-command in all these daring expeditions. He was the provincial ruler of Khorasan from 1040-1060 AD. Little is known about the lives of Chagri and Tughril before 1025.
Both inherited their military strategy from their grandfather, the Seljuks. When they were 15, Ali Tigin sent them to the battlefield with a general named Bughra Khan against Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni. His expedition to eastern Anatolia demonstrated his foresight. This, however, was his first campaign with the Ghazni. Fought fiercely with the Ghazni and defeated them. He returned to Anatolia from Zend after defeating Ghazni. And he was focused on the Byzantines. He was able to attack Byzantine strongholds in eastern Anatolia.
However, Claude Cae said it was a highly improbable and ill-advised campaign. From 1035 to 1037, Chagri and Tughrul were in Marve (now an important historical city in Turkmenistan).
Chagri Beg fought against the Ghazni and initiated a significant conflict at the Battle of Dandkan. Tughrul was hesitant and preferred to continue the hit-and-run attack, but Chagri commanded the Seljuk forces and faced direct conflict. The Seljuks defeated the numerically superior Ghazni forces at the Battle of Dandankan.
After the battle, a Kuraltai was held, and the empire was divided between the two brothers. While Tughril ruled the west (modern western Iran, Azerbaijan and Iraq), Chegri ruled eastern Iran, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan, a region richly known as Greater Khorasan. Chagri later captured Balkh (in modern northern Afghanistan). He conquered southern Iran in 1048 and Karmen in 1056 in Sistan (southeastern Iran). The Seljuks later gained more influence over the Abbasid Caliphate.
Contributions: The leader of the Seljuks, Tughrul Beg, succeeded in his efforts to unite the Islamic world. He was able to eliminate the Fitna from the region by ousting the Buveyhid state in 447 AH. He was able to root out those who used to abuse the Companions and hung various kinds of writings on the door of the mosque. He killed the most transgressor in this regard, Rafezi Abu Abdullah Al Jalabibak.
These Buveyhids exerted tremendous pressure on the Abbasid caliph of Baghdad. The Seljuks abolished this feudal state and removed them from Baghdad. When the Seljuk Sultan Tughril Beg went to Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, the then Abbasid Caliph Qaim B. Amrillah greeted him and gave him the title of Sultan Rukunuddin. I placed him in his seat and bestowed many honours on him. Seals were stamped in his name, and his name was mentioned during sermons in mosques in other areas, including Baghdad, thus increasing the prestige of the Seljuks.
Afterlife: The first Seljuk Sultan died on Friday night of the holy month of Ramadan in 455 A.H. at the age of 70; he was childless. He was succeeded by his nephew, Sultan Alp Arsalan Beg; after the death of Sultan Tughril Beg, the Seljuks, led by Sultan Alp Arsalan, reconquered Khorasan, Iran, Northeastern Iraq and reorganized the empire. More
